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    ВиявлСння Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ– Π½Π° структуроутворСння ΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ—Ρ… Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ– частинками ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–

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    Studies were carried out to establish the mechanisms of structure formation during crystallization of polymer composites based on polyethylene, polypropylene or polycarbonate filled with copper microparticles. The researches were executed using a technique, the first stage of which consisted in the experimental determination of crystallization exotherms of composites, and the second – in the theoretical analysis based on the obtained exotherms of the structure formation characteristics. A complex of studies on determination of crystallization exotherms for investigated microcomposites was carried out. The regularities of the cooling rate influence of composites, the method of their production and the mass fraction of filler on the temperature level of the beginning and ending of crystallization, the maximum value of the reduced heat flux, etc. were established. It is shown that for the applied methods of obtaining composites the increase of their cooling rate causes the decrease of the indicated temperatures and heat flux. It is established that the value of the mass fraction of the filler has a less significant effect on the characteristics of the crystallization process.The regularities of structure formation of polymer composites at the initial stage of crystallization with the involvement of data on crystallization exotherms and nucleation equations are investigated. The presence of planar and three-dimensional mechanisms of structure formation at this stage has been established. It is shown that the ratio of these mechanisms is influenced by the type of polymer matrix and the method of obtaining composites.For the second stage of crystallization, which occurs in the entire volume of the composite, the results of experiments on crystallization exotherms were analyzed on the basis of the Kolmogorov-Avrami equation. It is shown that the structure formation of polyethylene-based composites occurs by the three-dimensional mechanism, and on the basis of polypropylene and polycarbonate – by the mechanism of the stressed matrixΠ’Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‹ исслСдования ΠΏΠΎ ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² структурообразования ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ кристаллизации ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° основС полиэтилСна, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… микрочастицами ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ. ИсслСдования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ этап ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ экзотСрм кристаллизации ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ², Π° Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ – Π² тСорСтичСском Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экзотСрм характСристик структурообразования. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ комплСкс исслСдований ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ экзотСрм кристаллизации для исслСдуСмых ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ². УстановлСны закономСрности влияния скорости охлаТдСния ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΡ… получСния ΠΈ массовой Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ наполнитСля Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π° кристаллизации, максимальноС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ для ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² получСния ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ скорости ΠΈΡ… охлаТдСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ сниТСнию ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° массовой Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ наполнитСля ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ сущСствСнно влияСт Π½Π° характСристики процСсса кристаллизации.Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ закономСрности структурообразования ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ стадии кристаллизации с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ экзотСрмам кристаллизации ΠΈ уравнСния Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. УстановлСно Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° этой стадии плоскостного ΠΈ объСмного ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² структурообразования. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² влияСт Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ получСния ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ².Для Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ стадии кристаллизации, которая происходит Π²ΠΎ всСм объСмС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π°, Π½Π° основС уравнСния ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°-Аврами ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ экспСримСнтов ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ экзотСрм кристаллизации. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ структурообразованиС для ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° основС полиэтилСна происходит ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ, Π° Π½Π° основС ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Π° - ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ напряТСнной ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹Π’ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΎ дослідТСння Ρ‰ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ встановлСння ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΡ–Π² структуроутворСння ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ кристалізації ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π² Π½Π° основі ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Ρƒ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Π»Π΅Π½Ρƒ Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… мікрочастинками ΠΌΡ–Π΄Ρ–. ДослідТСння ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ–Π· застосуванням ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΏ якої полягав Ρƒ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ– Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌ кристалізації ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π², Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΉ – Ρƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·Ρ– Π½Π° основі ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ… Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌ характСристик структуроутворСння. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ комплСкс Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»Ρ–Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡŒ Ρ‰ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ визначСння Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌ кристалізації для дослідТуваних ΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π². ВстановлСно закономірності Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρƒ ΡˆΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– охолодТСння ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π², ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ—Ρ… одСрТання Ρ‚Π° масової частки Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π° Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ Ρ– кінця кристалізації, максимальнС значСння ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‰ΠΎ. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ для застосовуваних ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Π² одСрТання ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π² підвищСння ΡˆΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– Ρ—Ρ… охолодТСння спричиняє зниТСння Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ Ρ‚Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ. ВстановлСно, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° масової частки Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‡Π° мСнш суттєво Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ” Π½Π° характСристики процСсу кристалізації.ДослідТСно закономірності структуроутворСння ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π² Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ–ΠΉ стадії кристалізації Ρ–Π· залучСнням Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ‰ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌ кристалізації Ρ‚Π° рівняння Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ—. ВстановлСно Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π° Ρ†Ρ–ΠΉ стадії ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‰ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Π° об’ємного ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΡ–Π² структуроутворСння. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡ–Π²Π²Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΡ–Π² Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ” Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Ρ– Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ отримання ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π².Для Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΡ— стадії кристалізації, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π²Ρ–Π΄Π±ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΡƒΡΡŒΠΎΠΌΡƒ об’ємі ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ, Π½Π° основі рівняння ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°-Аврамі ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ–Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ СкспСримСнтів Ρ‰ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌ кристалізації. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ структуроутворСння для ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ–Π² Π½Π° основі ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Ρƒ Π²Ρ–Π΄Π±ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π·Π° об’ємним ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ, Π° Π½Π° основі ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Π»Π΅Π½Ρƒ Ρ– ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ – Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½Ρ–Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ†

    Economic feasibility for the creation and maintenance of physical quantities primary measurement standards

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    The Strategy of the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET) defines the key directions for the development of regional and national metrology systems, taking into account current trends in the development of science, technology and needs of society and economies. The Strategy notes that due to the complexity and large scale of tasks their solutions is possible only by uniting the efforts of a number of countries and with regard to cost optimisation. In recent years, economic criteria hold an important place among the choice criteria for optimal ways for development of national metrology systems of member countries of Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions (COOMET). There is a growing interest in research and development of methods for quantitate assessment of the economic feasibility of a particular options of implementation of the general strategy with regard to the primary measurement standards of the units of physical quantities at national, regional and international levels. This paper substantiates methodology and presents new algorithms for the evaluation of economic feasibility and cost optimisation for financing metrological activity, such as, for making a decision on the creation or improvement of the national primary measurement standards

    Features of the Internal Force Factors Distribution in Reinforced Concrete Piles of Complex Cross Section under the Influence of a Transverse Load

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    Bar reinforced concrete structures, which include piles, in real working conditions perceive a whole range of internal force factors. Axial tension-compression forces, bending moments and shear forces are the most commonly perceived internal force factors. Of particular interest is the effect on the cross section of the shear force. If a complex curly shape is replaced by elementary form, then the calculation is not difficult. However, when calculating the composite cross section, there is no unambiguous solution. In accordance with the adopted regulatory documentation, it is necessary to accept only a main part, while discarding the surrounding areas. It is important to study the configuration of the shape of a complex section for the perception of a shear force. The purpose of the work was to refine the account of the entire complex section using numerical simulation by the finite element method, analytical calculations and small-scale experiments. Determination of further practical application of the obtained results on real structures was also the goal of the study. The parameters of the distribution of shear force between the main rib and flanges were obtained by numerical analysis and small-scale experiments. Numerical models of rectangular and tee cross sections beams have been developed. Analytical dependences were studied and full-scale tests of reinforced concrete beams of various sections were carried out. It has been established that when taking into account the work of the entire cross-section, the bearing capacity of concrete for the action of a shear force is 20% greater than when calculating only the main section without taking into account the shelves
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